Arlene Borbon, Michell Hidalgo, and Regina Galigao (Authors)
Abstract
Vocational Education and Training (VET) plays a crucial role in equipping individuals with technical skills for the labor market. However, disparities exist in how VET programs align with labor market demands, particularly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries. This study analyzes global VET systems, focusing on training programs, competency assessment, certification, and employability. It highlights Germany’s dual system as a model of industry-education collaboration, Finland and the Netherlands’ structured yet flexible approaches, and South Korea’s emphasis on industry integration. The findings underscore the need for strong industry partnerships, standardized certifications, and practical training to enhance employability and economic growth. Addressing these gaps is essential for fostering inclusive skill development and workforce readiness in diverse economic and cultural contexts.
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Keywords: Vocational Education and Training (VET), Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), Employability, Labor market alignment, Competency assessment, Certification